推力室状态对其声学振型及其阻尼特性的影响

为确定工程中冷态条件下获得的推力室声学特性能否表征真实条件下的声学特性,研究了冷态无流动、热态气相流动和湍流两相燃烧三种状态下推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性。在推力室稳态流场中的有限区域施加数值定容弹,激发其具有多模态声学振型的大幅值压力振荡,采用衰减时间和半带宽来定量评价所激发的不同声学振型压力振荡衰减快慢,进而获得其阻尼特性。在相同过载比的数值定容弹激励下,在冷态条件下能激发包含更多声学振型压力振荡,且该振荡衰减时间更长,相同振型压力振荡衰减比热态条件下慢。在冷态条件下,一阶切向振型振幅最大,为最容易被激发声学振型;一阶纵向振型半带宽最小,为最难衰减的振型。在热态条件下,一阶纵向振型为最容易激发声学振型,也为最难衰减声学振型。从所激发的主要振型及其相对衰减的快慢来看,冷态条件下获得的声学特性能够表征真实条件下的推力室的声学特征。     

退化发动机加速性能恢复控制方法

针对退化发动机加速性能下降的现象,提出一种变喘振裕度约束的模型预测控制方法。通过分析退化发动机在加速过程中的工作特点,将加速过程分为三个阶段,在不同阶段采取不同的喘振裕度约束。鉴于模型预测控制能够显式处理约束、采用在线滚动优化来获取最优控制输入,采取模型预测控制方法,并采用具有较高实时性的交替方向乘子法求解优化问题,实现了退化发动机加速性能的恢复。数字仿真结果表明,采用本文所提出的加速性能恢复控制方法后,相比退化发动机,加速过程中所耗费的时间缩短了35%以上。     

级间进出口几何角度对压气机气动性能和封严效果的影响

为了削弱级间泄漏流对压气机性能的不利影响,提出了一种基于Coanda型几何进出口的级间结构,并以一个亚声速单级轴流压气机为研究对象,数值模拟了5°,10°,20°三种不同级间进出口几何角度对压气机性能的影响。结果表明:改进后的级间进出口几何结构使得压气机流量和效率均略有提升。分析原因是级间出口泄漏流以较小角度与主流汇合,增大了静叶进口气流的轴向速度、径向速度,使得静子通道流动堵塞程度减轻,总压损失减小,扩压能力增强。同时,新结构还减小了级间泄漏流的流量系数,改善了级间封严效果。5°,10°,20°角度下的压气机效率最大分别提升了0.68%,0.63%,0.62%。     

退化量有缺失的无失效小样本轴承可靠性评估

针对有试验性能退化量参数记录、且(或)有部分数据缺失情况的小样本无失效轴承试验问题,通过由Taylor和Thompson提出的数据模拟法实现补全样本退化量,结合Bootstrap自助法扩大样本量,再根据基于性能退化轨迹的补充信息方法来进行其可靠性评估。选取7组受试轴承的振动退化量,对比在完整数据和带有缺失数据情况下的分析结果,发现可合理利用原舍弃不合规试验的部分有效信息,使之增加可靠性评估的样本数,从而得到较不用这些数据更为准确的结果,且所得结果较用完整数据结果绝对值相差在01以内。对比由极大似然估计法和加权E-Bayes法分析试验寿命数据的结果,发现该方法所得评估结果更优,与试验实际相比误差在10%以内,对于提高评估精度及降低试验成本有积极的实际意义。     

风车状态下转子性能及通道内流动分析

为探究低展弦比压气机转子在风车状态下由压气机模式向涡轮模式转化过程中性能、内部流场结构以及气动损失的演化过程,提出了一种基于叶片和流体间能量传递的简化数值计算方法,以获得某转速下的风车状态临界流量点。在数值模拟的基础上,重点对比了同一转速线上压气机工况点(小流量工况)、风车临界点和涡轮工况点下叶尖泄漏损失的演化机制,同时探究了叶片通道内流动分离的演化过程。 结果显示,随着转速的增加,转子风车状态临界流量呈现近似线性的变化趋势。而同转速下随流量增大,叶尖泄漏流从吸力面流向压力面,并与压力面上的低能量流体进行掺混,造成了流动堵塞。同时,从压气机模式转向涡轮模式的过程中,叶尖区域的流动分离从吸力面分离转变为压力面分离,随后分离强度和尺寸逐渐增大,造成的气动损失显著增加;而在轮毂区域,流动分离始终保持吸力面分离,其分离尺度沿径向有所发展。     

Water takeoff performance calculation method for amphibious aircraft based on digital virtual flight

Owing to the strong coupling among the hydrodynamic forces, aerodynamic forces and motion of amphibious aircraft during the water takeoff process, the water takeoff performance is difficult to calculate accurately and quickly. Based on an analysis of the dynamics and kinematics characteristics of amphibious aircraft and the hydrodynamic theory of high-speed planing hulls, a suitable mathematical model is established for calculating the hydrodynamics of aircraft during water takeoff. A pilot model is designed to illustrate how pilots are affected by the lack of visual reference and the necessity to simultaneously control the pitch angle, flight velocity and other parameters during water takeoff. Combined with the aerodynamic model, engine thrust model and aircraft motion model, a digital virtual flight simulation model is developed for amphibious aircraft during water takeoff, and a calculation method for the water takeoff performance of amphibious aircraft is proposed based on digital virtual flight. Typical performance indicators, such as the liftoff time and liftoff distance, can be obtained via digital virtual flight calculations. A comparison of the measured flight test data and the calculation results shows that the calculation error is less than 10%, which verifies the correctness and accuracy of the proposed method. This method can be used for the preliminary evaluation of airworthiness compliance of amphibious aircraft design schemes, and the relevant calculation results can also provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of flight test plans for airworthiness certification.     

压气机转子叶片的抑颤设计(“两机”专刊)

以一高压压气机转子叶片为对象开展了叶片抑颤工程设计方法研究,采用基于相位延迟边界条件的能量法和特征值法对原转子叶片模型的气动弹性稳定性进行评估,通过分析近失速工况下的非定常气动功密度分布,对叶片安装角沿径向分布、弦长和叶尖间隙等设计参数进行调整,以明确各参数对气动弹性稳定性的影响,最终达到提高气动阻尼的目的。研究结果表明：叶尖间隙对气动阻尼的影响较大,安装角次之,弦长影响相对较小。叶片气动阻尼随叶尖间隙的变化并非单调,而是存在一个叶尖间隙使其气动阻尼最小,即叶片气动弹性稳定性最差。减小进口气流攻角和增加折合频率,能够提高气动阻尼,设计中可以通过调节安装角来减小气流攻角,增加弦长来增大折合频率。     

航空发动机高原起动性能改善措施

为了解决航空发动机高原起动超温和转速悬挂等问题,以某型航空发动机起动过程为研究对象,根据高原环境对发动机起动过程的影响进行理论分析,提出了优化高原起动措施,并进行了高原试验验证,摸索出各措施对起动过程的影响程度。结果表明:在发动机起动过程中采用飞机卸载的方式可使排气温度降低3%,起动机脱开转速提高3%;起动机功率提高约1%,点火转速及脱开转速提高约2%,起动时间缩短约8%。     

燃气轮机涡轮叶顶间隙气热技术研究进展

涡轮叶顶间隙泄漏流动对其流道内气动损失、传热状况甚至总体效率都有较为明显的影响,是降低涡轮气热性能的关键因素之一。长期以来,叶顶间隙区域的流动传热机理及其气热控制一直是燃气轮机领域研究的一个热点和难点问题。鉴于此,从叶顶间隙泄漏流动机理及影响因素、间隙泄漏控制方法、叶顶传热冷却机理、影响因素与控制、叶顶间隙气热优化以及过渡态叶顶间隙变化规律及建模与控制等方面对国内外近十年来涡轮叶顶间隙气热技术方面的研究进展进行综述,并简要总结了叶顶间隙泄漏流的常用研究方法,包括流动传热试验与数值计算方法等。最后,对涡轮叶顶间隙气热技术的未来研究重点和发展趋势进行了展望。     

New design simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system to extend lifetime and improve floating performance

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system which consists of zero- and super-pressure balloons. Preliminary calculations were established to describe the basic concept of the new integrated system. A mathematical model was investigated to simulate the ascending and floating processes which considered the atmospheric conditions and thermodynamic variations. Based on the simulation, results showed that the floating altitude stability between daytime and nighttime was improved. This integrated system supports higher floating altitude levels than those of ordinary balloons and extends the lifetime of floating balloon systems. Moreover, results demonstrated that the integrated system was lighter than ordinary balloons, saving useful weight for effective payload. Furthermore, exploiting the advantages of both kinds of balloons while avoiding the difficulties was a significant goal in the current design to promote the floating performance of high-altitude balloons technology.